Babylon dictionary define superhero
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Trade was therefore necessary to supply the city workers with materials.
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Mud, clay, and reeds were the only materials the Sumerians had in abundance. Before 3000 bc the Sumerians had learned to make tools and weapons by smelting copper with tin to make bronze, a much harder metal than copper alone. The boats were usually hauled from the banks, but sails also were in use. Bulky goods were moved by boat on the rivers and canals. Oxen pulled the carts and plows donkeys served as pack animals. The plow had been invented, and the wheel, made from a solid piece of wood, was used for carts and for shaping pottery. Horses and camels were still unknown, but sheep, goats, oxen, donkeys, and dogs had been domesticated. There were also pens for keeping the sheep and goats that were destined for sacrifice to the temple god. On the temple grounds were quarters for priests, officials, accountants, musicians, and singers treasure chambers storehouses for grain, tools, and weapons and workshops for bakers, pottery makers, brewers, leatherworkers, spinners and weavers, and jewelers. From the platform rose the temple tower, called a ziggurat (holy mountain), with a circular staircase or ramp around the outside. The temple buildings stood on a spacious raised platform reached by staircases and ramps. As a reflection of a city’s wealth, its temple became an elaborate structure. Outside the wall were the poor peoples’ huts, built of reeds that were plastered with clay.Įach Sumerian city rose up around the shrine of a local god. The whole city was surrounded by a wall for protection. Their sturdy houses were small and crowded close together on narrow lanes. Very early they learned to make bricks in molds and dry them in the sun or bake them in kilns. The Sumerians built their villages on artificial mounds to protect them from floods. There were no nations then, only small city-states. This great change in living habits brought about civilization-defined as a city-based society held together by economic enterprises. For the first time there was a surplus to feed city workers such as artists, craftsmen, and merchants. The rich soil produced abundant crops of barley, emmer (a kind of wheat), beans, olives, grapes, and flax. This need gave rise to government and laws. Large-scale cooperation was needed to build the irrigation works, keep them in repair, and apportion the water. Gradually they drained the marshes and dug irrigation canals and ditches. Centuries before the beginning of known history, the Sumerians undertook the stupendous task of building embankments to control the floodwaters of the Euphrates River. In ancient Mesopotamia, a land of blazing sun and very little rainfall, irrigation was vital for farming. They also developed trade based on small handicraft industries such as metalwork, leather goods, and pottery. They drained the marshes and introduced agriculture. The Ubaidians settled the region between 45 bc. Their name comes from the village of Al Ubaid, in which their remains were first found by archaeologists. Centuries later the center of power moved north once more to warlike Assyria, in the rolling hill country of the upper Tigris Valley.īefore the Sumerians appeared on the land, it had been occupied by a non-Semitic people, referred to as Ubaidians. The entire plain then became known as Babylonia. By 1800 bc political power had moved north up the Euphrates to the Semitic city of Babylon in Akkad. These people, who probably came from Anatolia (Asia Minor) in about 3300 bc, developed a culture that spread to nearby Semitic peoples. They lived in a small county-sized area located around the mouths of the two rivers in a land called Sumer (in the Bible, Shinar). Three main peoples contributed to the civilization of Mesopotamia. Tradition says the Garden of Eden was here. The Greeks named the land between them Mesopotamia, “land between the rivers.” Today it is called Iraq. These twin rivers come down from mountains in the north, cut southeastward through hilly grasslands, and finally cross the plain they created to reach the Persian Gulf. The land was built up of mud and clay deposited by two great rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates. From these Mediterranean lands it entered the mainstream of Western civilization. The civilization that was born here spread westward to Palestine, Greece, and Rome. Here 50 centuries ago cities rose, government developed, and great inventions-including writing-were made.
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The story of Western civilization began on a small plain in southwest Asia.